老年无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤的诊治及围手术期管理

目的分析老年无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤的成因及损伤机制,探讨MRI表现、治疗方法选择,并对围手术期管理提出指导。方法回顾2003年3月~2013年10月收治的〉60岁的无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤296例,对发生机制、伤后MRI片脊髓信号改变、治疗手段对神经恢复的影响进行分析,对伤后MRI上脊髓T2加权像高信号变化进行分型。结果 236例患者MRI T2加权像有信号变化,其中Ⅰ型125例、Ⅱ型79例、Ⅲ型27例、Ⅳ型5例。296例患者中,手术治疗222例,非手术治疗74例。2组神经功能恢复率有明显区别（P〈0.05）;且伤后早期（〈72 h）手术患者的症状改善率高于稍晚手术患者。伤后颈脊髓内MRI的T2加权像异常信号可以分为4型。结论老年颈脊髓损伤患者有明显神经损伤症状者应尽早手术治疗。患者术前应戒烟、行呼吸功能练习和体位训练,术后应早期离床活动,以促进神经功能恢复及减少并发症发生。     

External validation of the clinical indications of computed tomography (CT) of the head in patients with low-energy geriatric hip fractures

IntroductionOn evaluation of the clinical indications of computed tomography (CT) scan of head in the patients with low-energy geriatric hip fractures, Maniar et al. identified physical evidence of head injury, new onset confusion, and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) < 15 as predictive risk factors for acute findings on CT scan. The goal of the present study was to validate these three criteria as predictive risk factors for a larger population in a wider geographical distribution.Patients and methodsPatients ≥65 years of age with low-energy hip fractures from 6 trauma centers in a wide geographical distribution in the United States were included in this study. In addition to the relevant patient demographic findings, the above mentioned three criteria and acute findings on head CT scan were gathered as categorical variables.ResultsIn total 799 patients from 6 centers were included in the study. There were 67 patients (8.3%) with positive acute findings on head CT scan. All of these patients (100%) had at least one criteria positive. There were 732 patients who had negative acute findings on head CT scan with 376 patients (51%) having at least one criteria positive and 356 patients (49%) having no criteria positive. Sensitivity of 100% and negative predictive value of 100% was observed to predict negative acute findings on head CT scan when all the three criteria were negative.ConclusionWith the observed 100% sensitivity and 100% negative predictive value, physical evidence of acute head injury, acute retrograde amnesia, and GCS < 15 can be recommended as a clinical decision guide for the selective use of head CT scans in geriatric patients with low energy hip fractures. All the patients with positive acute head CT findings can be predicted in the presence of at least one positive criterion. In addition, if these criteria are used as a pre-requisite to order the head CT, around 50% of the unnecessary head CT scans can be avoided.     

经皮椎体注入骨水泥治疗老年脊椎骨质疏松压缩性骨折

目的:观察经皮椎体内注入骨水泥(聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯)治疗脊椎骨质疏松压缩性骨折的疗效。方法:自2005-06/2006-06吉林大学中日联谊医院骨科及大庆龙南医院骨科对35例40个椎体的骨质疏松压缩性骨折患者使用经皮椎体内注射骨水泥,行椎体成形术。成形材料:美国KYPHON公司生产的骨水泥,生产准许号:(GB/T19001-2000和YY/T0287-1996)。结果:35例患者均参加随访6个月。术后均未出现骨水泥外漏、脊髓或马尾神经损伤等并发症。35例患者中5例出现穿刺部位局部疼痛,服用镇痛药物后均缓解。疼痛完全消失25例,占71.4%;明显缓解8例,占22.6%;轻度缓解2例,占6.0%;无缓解0例。15例患者在术后72h内均能下床活动。术后未再发生压缩性骨折及疼痛。结论:经皮椎体注入骨水泥可以有效改善椎体骨质疏松压缩性骨折患者疼痛症状,随访6个月未出现充填剂不良性宿主反应,临床疗效较好。     

原发病对老年全髋关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的影响

目的 探讨不同原发病对老年全髋关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成（deep venous thrombosis,DVT）的影响.方法 147例单侧全髋关节置换术病人,根据原发病不同分为两组：骨折组68例,均为股骨颈骨折患者,骨病组79例.术前常规检查血浆部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）、凝血酶原时间（PT）、凝血酶凝固时间（thrombin time,TT）、纤维蛋白原（fibrinogen,Fib）含量;对术后出现患肢肿胀和/或疼痛,下肢伴有或不伴有Homans征/Neuhofs征阳性的患者常规应用加压超声技术进行超声多谱勒检查.结果 骨折组和骨病组的APTT、PT、TT、Fib水平及下肢DVT发生率比较具有显著性差异（P＜0.05）.结论 股骨颈骨折是老年全髋关节置换术后下肢DVT发生的高危因素.     

骶2椎弓根置钉的应用解剖学研究

目的:研究第一骶后孔和骶外侧嵴与S2椎弓根的位置关系,建立以第一骶后孔和骶外侧嵴为解刮标志的S2椎弓根置钉定位技术.方法:取15具成人干燥骶骨标本,分别从S1、S2和S2、S3椎体融合遗迹(骶横线)处平行骶骨底平面截断骶骨,观察S2椎弓根的形态及第一骶后孔与椎弓根的关系;在平分S2椎弓根处平行骶骨底平面截断骶骨,观察S2椎弓根及其与骶外侧嵴的关系.在S2椎弓根前部(即盆面),平行骶骨底平分椎弓根的平面与骶前孔内侧缘连线的交点为a点,与正中矢状面的交点为b点.测量骶外侧嵴(S点)与a、b两点连线即sa线、sb线与正中矢状面夹角A角、B角及sa、sb的长度(Sa和sb分别代表螺钉最小和最大长度,A角和B角分别代表螺钉在水平面上与正中矢状面的最小和最大央角).从椎管最外侧的一点P向sa线及sb线引垂线,与sa及sb的交点分别为h1和h2,测量Ph1和Ph2(螺钉最大半径)的长度.第一骶后孔下缘最低点(W)与第二骶后孔上缘最高点(Y)连线为WY,平分椎弓根的平面与WY线的交点为O(螺钉在骶骨后方进钉点),测量WO的距离,O点在W的下方时为正值,O点存W的上方时为负值.在10具成人尸体标本上观察骶骨前血管神经的毗邻关系,并按照上述的测量结果置入S2椎弓根螺钉,使螺钉穿出骶骨前方,观察螺钉的出钉点的位置,结果:S2椎弓根从后外走向前内,呈扇形,后宽前窄、WO的距离为0±1.42mm,椎弓根的中轴平面通过第一骶后孔下缘最低点W,经过两侧W点画一水平线,此线与两侧骶外侧嵴的交点可作为S2椎弓根置钉的进钉点,其进钉角度在矢状面上与骶骨底平行.A角平均为30.23°(270°～33°),B角平均为45.73°(40°～51°);sa平均为27.53mm(26.60～28.14mm),sb平均为35.46mm(34.84～36.04mm);Ph1平均为9.55mm(3.98～5.20mm),Ph2平均为4.53mm(3.94～5.10mm).螺钉在水平面上与正中失状面夹角应为30.23°～45.73°;螺钉的长度为27.53～35.46mm;螺钉的直径只要小于2倍Ph2即可,即小于9.06mm.在骶骨前方骶交感干和骶正中动脉之间存在安全区域,尸体标本置入的20枚螺钉出钉点均位于此安全区域内.结论:第一骶后孔和骶外侧嵴与S2椎弓根间存在较恒定的解剖位置关系,第一骶后孔和骶外侧嵴可作为术巾判断S2椎弓根位置和S2椎弓根置钉进钉点的解剖学标志.此种置钉方法的螺钉出钉点能落在骶骨前的安全区域.     

第2跖趾关节痛风性关节炎并发先天性短指(趾)畸形1例报告

目的: 报道1例第2跖趾关节痛风性关节炎并发先天性短指(趾)畸形病例,并对其诊疗情况进行讨论。方法: 该男性17岁患者因右足第2跖趾关节反复肿痛6个月入院,诊断为先天性短指(趾)畸形,右第2跖趾关节痛风性关节炎,手术行痛风石切除和关节成形术。结果: 患者术后恢复顺利,疼痛消失,恢复正常行走。结论: 痛风可并发足部畸形,临床上需注意鉴别诊断,手术治疗可获得良好效果。     

The learning curve with a new cephalomedullary femoral nail

IntroductionThe Cephalomedullary Nail (CMN) (Zimmer, Warsaw) was introduced in 2010 as part of a multicenter trial to evaluate its performance. At one year the CMN had results in keeping with other intramedullary devices with good union rates and low complication rates. In the second and third years of use an increased rate of implant failure was observed, towards the higher end of the 1–5% nail breakage rate seen in other studies. This study aims to evaluate if there any common features in this cohort of patients.Materials and methodsThis is a retrospective cohort study looking at patients who underwent femoral fracture fixation using the cephalomedullary nail between January 2011 and June 2014. The primary outcome measure was implant failure; secondary outcomes were; fracture reduction and bisphosphonate use.Results201 patients were included (135 female, 66 male) with an average age of 81 years. Ten (5%) nail breakages occurred in the study period at an average of 39 weeks (24–92); 9 were 125° nails 1 was a 130° nail and all fractured at the lag screw junction.ConclusionsImplant failure is a recognised complication of intramedullary nailing in cases of non-union. The increased rate of implant failure in our department required a change to a 130 ° CMN implant and a 3.2 mm diameter guide wire for placement of the lag screw. We continue to monitor this difficult group of patients very closely.     

人骨肉瘤蛋白质组双向凝胶电泳图像分析方法的建立与应用

目的： 建立人骨肉瘤蛋白质组双向电泳图像分析方法。方法： 组织标本分为骨肉瘤组和肿瘤旁组。对第一向双向电泳的关键因素与环节进行一系列优化。分离骨肉瘤总蛋白，银染，用ImageMasLer 2D Elite 3.01分析软件分析图谱，使用基质辅助电离解析飞行时间质谱仪主要高丰度部分差异蛋白质进行鉴定。结果：获得分辨率和重复性好的双向电泳图谱。变异系数平均值（%）和变异系数范围（%）：骨肉瘤组为23.00±10.11和3.80～6.89，肿瘤旁组为20.33±9.90和2.70～6.89。同一蛋白质斑点在3次实验中等电点、分子量的相对标准差分别为（8.93±1.17）%、（10.16±2.02）%和（10.87±3.86）%。初步鉴定11个蛋白，其中9个蛋白质只在骨肉瘤中特异高峰度上调表达，分别为转甲状腺素蛋白、磷酸甘油醛异构酶、慢收缩骨骼肌钙蛋白T、心肌钙蛋白、肌动蛋白、肌球蛋白、膜联蛋白-5、 热休克蛋白-1及Fanconi anemia groupD2蛋白；鉴定2个蛋白，锰超氧化物歧化酶、碳酸酐酶蛋白质下调表达。结论：成功构建了用于研究骨肉瘤蛋白质组双向凝胶图谱分析方法，认为初步鉴定的部分差异蛋白可能为骨肉瘤的关联蛋白，其在骨肉瘤发生和进展的病理过程中具有重要作用。     

兔骨髓基质细胞在纤维蛋白胶中的立体培养

目的：应用纤维蛋白胶作为细胞支架进行兔骨髓基质细胞立体培养,探讨其作为新型骨组织工程支架材料的可行性.方法：实验于2001-09/2002-03在吉林大学中日联谊医院卫生部创伤骨科研究室、吉林大学再生医学研究所完成.采用兔骨髓基质细胞作为种子细胞在CO2孵箱中进行传代培养后,收集扩增的骨髓基质细胞与新型支架材料纤维蛋白胶复合后再进行培养4周,采用相差显微镜、电子显微镜、苏木精-伊红染色等手段观察骨髓基质细胞在纤维蛋白胶中的生长状况.结果：用相差显微镜、电子显微镜、苏木精-伊红染色均可观察到骨髓基质细胞在不同强度的纤维蛋白胶中的生长状态不同,在低强度纤维蛋白胶中活性好,扩增迅速,而在高强度纤维蛋白胶中细胞生长缓慢,数量少或逐渐死亡.结论：骨髓基质细胞在低强度纤维蛋白胶中能够良好扩增生长.纤维蛋白胶具有孔隙适宜、可塑性强,可降解等优点,是优良的细胞生长支架载体.